Thermonuclear
Thermonuclear refers to the energy released by the thermonuclear reaction.
The thermonuclear weapon, nuclear bomb involving thermonuclear energy. (The power of thermonuclear weapons is expressed in megatons.) Also called hydrogen weapon or H weapon.
Thermonuclear reaction, nuclear reaction of fusion of the nuclei of light atoms brought to a very high temperature.
Understanding the Science
Thermonuclear fusion relies on heating hydrogen isotopes—deuterium and tritium—to extreme temperatures, in some cases reaching millions of degrees Celsius. These high temperatures turn the fuel into a plasma state, where atomic nuclei collide and fuse, liberating substantial energy.
Mimicking the Sun’s Energy
Efforts to replicate this phenomenon on Earth involve two main approaches: magnetic confinement and inertial confinement. Magnetic confinement involves using powerful magnetic fields to contain and control the superheated plasma. In inertial confinement, the fuel is compressed by powerful lasers or other means to initiate the fusion reaction.
The ITER Project
At the forefront of fusion research stands the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) in France. This multinational collaboration aims to demonstrate the feasibility of sustained fusion reactions. ITER’s massive tokamak—a device designed to confine the plasma—is a testament to international cooperation and scientific ingenuity.
Navigating Challenges
While promising, achieving a controlled fusion reaction comes with significant challenges. Sustaining the high-temperature plasma over prolonged periods, managing the reactions, and developing materials that can withstand the intense conditions remain major hurdles.
Sustainable Energy Potential
The success of thermonuclear fusion promises a clean and virtually limitless energy source. Unlike traditional nuclear reactors, fusion doesn’t produce long-lived radioactive waste, mitigating concerns associated with nuclear energy.
Research and Advancements
Continued research, technological advancements, and innovative solutions are essential in overcoming obstacles on the path to practical fusion energy. Scientists worldwide are dedicated to pushing the boundaries of plasma physics, materials science, and engineering to make fusion energy a reality.
Radiation | Classification and Type: Electromagnetic, Ionizing and Non-ionizing, Particle
A Future Powered by Fusion
The realization of fusion energy could transform global energy landscapes, offering a sustainable and abundant power source. The successful harnessing of thermonuclear fusion energy has the potential to revolutionize how we meet our energy needs, contributing to a greener and more sustainable future.
Nuclear fusion
Nuclear (or thermonuclear) fusion is a nuclear reaction in which two atomic nuclei come together to form a heavier nucleus.
The nuclear fusion, the process that powers the sun and other stars, involves combining light atomic nuclei to form heavier ones, releasing a tremendous amount of energy. Unlike nuclear fission, which involves splitting atoms, fusion generates energy by merging atoms together.
The fusion process requires incredibly high temperatures and pressure to overcome the electrostatic repulsion between positively charged atomic nuclei. When these conditions are met, typically in the range of millions of degrees Celsius, hydrogen isotopes like deuterium and tritium fuse to form helium, accompanied by a release of energy.
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B-61 thermonuclear weapon. In the back it is assembled, in the middle it is divided into its major subcomponents, in the front it is almost completely disassembled. US government DOD and/or DOE, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Fusion Energy (Thermonuclear Fusion)
The principle of thermonuclear fusion is the creation of a large nucleus from two lighter ones in a particular temperature (and therefore pressure) range. Artificial fusion therefore comes into play. This is undoubtedly the simplest fusion to achieve. It involves colliding a deuterium atom with the symbol 2H with a tritium atom with the symbol 3H (these are both isotopes of hydrogen).
The fusion of these two isotopes is advantageous because it produces a large amount of energy. Indeed the fusion of two very light nuclei at the start produces more energy than the fusion of two larger nuclei such as iron for example. It is also easier to make.
At this level a physical problem arises
The nuclei are both positively charged and we know that, according to Coulomb’s law, identical charges repel each other. We can therefore think at first glance that it is impossible to make two nuclei with the same charge meet. It was therefore necessary to find a way to overcome this Coulomb force. This is where the heat factor comes in. Indeed, at a very high temperature the Coulomb “barrier” is overcome and the collision of the nuclei can therefore occur. (On the sun and the stars the temperature is extremely high!)
The reaction chamber of the DIII-D, an experimental tokamak fusion reactor operated by General Atomics in San Diego, which has been used in research since it was completed in the late 1980s. The characteristic torus-shaped chamber is clad with graphite to help withstand the extreme heat. Rswilcox, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons
It is necessary to succeed in recreating this temperature range. Another difficulty to solve. The tokamaks (photo above) partially allow this reproduction but the level of temperature produced is not sufficient and the melting becomes very difficult to control.
Reproducing an environment of several hundred million degrees is extremely hard in the laboratory. However, two methods have been found to try to produce the most heat.
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The first is magnetic confinement (case of Tokamak). The fuels, in this case in the form of plasma due to the temperature, are influenced by very powerful magnetic fields which promote fusion.
The second is inertial confinement
Lasers are used to combine nuclei for fusion. These two methods are practical but the heat is not yet sufficient for a truly satisfactory result.
Fusion, currently, is poorly controlled. Its use in electricity production, for example, is not recommended. Moreover, nowadays it takes a lot of energy to produce sufficient heat and we obtain a low efficiency. This is therefore not advantageous, lucrative although for about thirty years progress has been considerable in terms of energy production and efficiency. But this very large-scale production still leaves doubts about its reliability.
The nucleus of an atom is made up of two types of particles called nucleons: positively charged protons and zero charged neutrons. The cohesion of nucleons, and therefore the stability of atoms, is ensured by a short-range force (10—15 m) called the strong interaction. It opposes the electrostatic force which is, on the contrary, repulsive for charged particles of the same sign (protons). Nuclear physics teaches us that the binding energy, in megaelectronvolts (MeV) per nucleon, is maximum for the iron atom, which is made up of 56 nucleons, which means concretely that the fission of nuclei heavier than iron or the fusion of lighter nuclei releases energy.
The mushroom cloud from the “Mike” shot. Ivy Mike, the first two-stage thermonuclear detonation, 10.4 megatons, November 1, 1952. Photo courtesy of National Nuclear Security Administration / Nevada Site Office, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
History
In 1940, the Hungarian-American Edward Teller studied the possibility of using the enormous amount of heat (108 °C, i.e. one hundred million degrees Celsius) produced by the explosion of an atomic fission bomb to start the nuclear fusion process. In 1941, Teller joined the Manhattan Project, which aimed to develop the atomic fusion bomb.
After preliminary work in Chicago with Enrico Fermi, and in Berkeley with Robert Oppenheimer, Teller went to the laboratories of Los Alamos (New Mexico, United States) to work on the atomic bomb under the direction of Oppenheimer. Since the difficulties encountered in making a fission bomb were less, the H-bomb lead was not pursued, much to Teller’s disappointment.
In 1949, when the Soviets detonated their own fission bomb
In 1949, when the Soviets detonated their own fission bomb, US intelligence analysis showed that it was a bomb that used plutonium as nuclear fuel. America’s monopoly on the nuclear issue disappears. This news generates a considerable psychological shock, since the United States hoped to be able to retain the monopoly of the military weapon for ten years. Then, they commit to a new epic, the search for a bomb even more powerful than fission: the fusion bomb.
The President of the United States Harry Truman thus asks the Los Alamos laboratory to develop a bomb that works thanks to the fusion of hydrogen nuclei. Oppenheimer is opposed to this decision, as he considers it another instrument of genocide. Teller is in charge of the program. However, his model, despite being reasonable, does not allow him to achieve his goal.
The Polish-American mathematician Stanisław Ulam, in collaboration with C.J. Everett, showed with detailed calculations that Teller’s model was unworkable. Ulam suggests a new method that does succeed. By placing a fission bomb at one end and thermonuclear material at the other end of an enclosure, it is possible to direct the shock waves produced by the fission bomb. These waves compress and ignite the thermonuclear fuel.
At first Teller did not accept the idea, but later understood all its merit and suggested the use of radiation (instead of shock waves) to compress the thermonuclear material. The first H-bomb, Ivy Mike, exploded over Enewetak Atoll (near Bikini, in the Pacific Ocean) on November 1, 1952 to Teller’s satisfaction, with most of the scientific community disagreeing .
Radiation implosion thus became the standard method for creating fusion bombs. Both creators, Ulam and Teller, thus produced their Hydrogen-bomb.
Sources: PinterPandai, AtomicArchive, History, Britannica
Photo credit: Steves_AI_Creations via Pixabay
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